Tres Zapotes (Mexico) - Olmec Capital City in Veracruz

Tres Zapotes (Tres sah-po-tes, or three sapodillas) is an important Olmec archaeological site located in the state of Veracruz, in the south-central lowlands of the Gulf coast of Mexico. It is considered the third most important Olmec site, after San Lorenzo and La Venta. Named by archaeologists after the evergreen tree native to southern Mexico, Tres Zapotes flourished during the Late Formative/Late Preclassic period (after 400 BC) and was occupied for almost 2,000 years, until the end of the Classic period and into the Early Postclassic. The most important findings at this site include two colossal heads and the famous stela C. Tres Zapotes Cultural Development The site of Tres Zapotes lies on the hillside of a swampy area, near the Papaloapan and San Juan rivers of southern Veracruz, Mexico. The site contains more than 150 structures and about forty stone sculptures. Tres Zapotes became a main Olmec center only after the decline of San Lorenzo and La Venta. When the rest of the Olmec culture sites started to wane at around 400 BC, Tres Zapotes continued to survive, and it was occupied until the Early Postclassic about AD 1200. Most of the stone monuments at Tres Zapotes date to the Epi-Olmec period (which means post-Olmec), a period that began around 400 BC and signaled the decline of the Olmec world. The artistic style of these monuments shows a gradual decline of Olmec motifs and increasing stylistic connections with the Isthmus region of Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala. Stela C also belongs to the Epi-Olmec period. This monument features the second oldest Mesoamerican Long Count calendar date: 31 BC. Half of Stela C is on display in the local museum at Tres Zapotes; the other half is at the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. Archeologists believe that during the Late Formative/Epi-Olmec period (400 BC-AD 250/300) Tres Zapotes was occupied by people with stronger connections with the Isthmus region of Mexico, probably Mixe, a group from the same linguistic family of the Olmec. After the decline of the Olmec culture, Tres Zapotes continued to be an important regional center, but by the end of the Classic period the site was in decline and was abandoned during the Early Postclassic. Site Layout More than 150 structures have been mapped at Tres Zapotes. These mounds, only a handful of which have been excavated, consist mainly of residential platforms clustered in different groups. The residential core of the site is occupied by Group 2, a set of structures organized around a central plaza and standing almost 12 meters (40 feet) tall. Group 1 and the Nestepe Group are other important residential groups located in the immediate periphery of the site. Most Olmec sites have a central core, a downtown where all the important buildings are located: Tres Zapotes, in contrast, features a dispersed settlement model, with several of its most important structures located on the periphery. This may have been because most of those were constructed after the decline of Olmec society. The two colossal heads found at Tres Zapotes, Monuments A and Q, were not found in the core zone of the site, but rather in the residential periphery, in Group 1 and Nestepe Group. Because of its long occupation sequence, Tres Zapotes is a key site not only for understanding the development of the Olmec culture  but, more generally for the transition from Preclassic to Classic period in the Gulf Coast and in Mesoamerica. Archaeological Investigations at Tres Zapotes Archaeological interest at Tres Zapotes begun at the end of the 19th century, when in 1867 the Mexican explorer Josà © Melgar y Serrano reported seeing an Olmec colossal head in the village of Tres Zapotes. Later on, in the 20th century, other explorers and local planters recorded and described the colossal head. In the 1930s, archaeologist Matthew Stirling undertook the first excavation at the site. After that, several projects, by Mexican and United States institutions, have been carried out at Tres Zapotes. Among the archaeologists who worked at Tres Zapotes include Philip Drucker and Ponciano Ortiz Ceballos. However, compared to other Olmec sites, Tres Zapotes is still poorly known. Sources This article has been edited by K. Kris Hirst Casellas Caà ±ellas E. 2005. El Contexto arqueolà ³gico de la cabeza colosal Olmeca Nà ºmero 7 de San Lorenzo, Veracruz, Mà ©xico. Bellaterra: Universitat Autà ²noma de Barcelona.Loughlin ML, Pool CA, Fernandez-Diaz JC, and Shrestha RL. 2016. Mapping the Tres Zapotes Polity: The Effectiveness of Lidar in Tropical Alluvial Settings. Advances in Archaeological Practice 4(3):301-313.Killion TW and Urcid J. 2001. The Olmec Legacy: Cultural Continuity and Change in Mexicos Southern Gulf Coast Lowlands Journal of Field Archaeology 28(1/2):3-25.Manzanilla L and Lopez Lujan L (eds.). 2001 [1995]. Historia Antigua de Mexico. Mexico City: Miguel Angel Porrà ºa.Pool CA, Ceballos PO, del Carmen Rodrà ­guez Martà ­nez M, and Loughlin ML. 2010. The early horizon at Tres Zapotes: implications for Olmec interaction. Ancient Mesoamerica 21(01):95-105.Pool CA, Knight CLF, and Glascock MD. 2014. Formative obsidian procurement at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico: implications for Olmec and Epi-Olm ec political economy. Ancient Mesoamerica 25(1):271-293.Pool CA (ed.). 2003. Settlement Archaeology and Political Economy at Tres Zapotes, Veracruz, Mexico. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology.Pool CA. 2007. Olmec Archaeology and Early Mesoamerica. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.VanDerwarker A, and Kruger R. 2012. Regional variation in the importance and uses of maize in the Early and Middle Formative Olmec Heartland: New archaeobotanical data from the San Carlos homestead, southern Veracruz. Latin American Antiquity 23(4):509-532.

The Female Pilots Of The United States During World War II

During World War II, the United States had a shortage of pilots, and the leaders decided to train women to fly military aircraft so male pilots could be released for combat duty overseas. The group of female pilots was called the Women Airforce Service Pilots, WASP for short. Young women between the ages of twenty-one to thirty-five, all civilian volunteers, flew almost every type of military aircraft but were not considered to be formally militarized. The program began in 1942, and was closed by 1944. But within this time frame, the female pilots flew sixty million miles in every military aircraft and thirty-eight died while serving their country as Army Air Corps arsenal. It wasn’t until many years later that the WASPS were finally given acknowledgement of their services and recognized as veterans of war. One member, Anne Chisholm Dessert Oliver, from Brandon Manitoba, Canada tells her story of her experience as a member of the WASP’s. Oliver, a French Canadian with dual citizenship knew at an early age she wanted to fly. During a trip to Colorado with her father, Oliver experienced her first flight at the county fair. It was at this moment she decided she wanted to become a pilot. Oliver’s father worked in the seed business and eventually moved to El Centro, California, where Oliver would eventually begin her journey as an iconic female pilot. Oliver and a friend bought shares in a small plane and began to take private lessons. During this time, she had heard of theShow MoreRelatedEssay On World War 2787 Words   |  4 PagesHidden Impacts in World War II World War Two ended after much hard work, followed with celebration and joy. But are the reasons we came to victory more than what we think? During the hard times we once faced, many brave women would sacrifice all they had to contribute to the war in some way. Even if it was something as simple as making inspirational posters, it still helped tremendously. 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Minimum Legal Drinking Agre - 1173 Words

The legal age of adulthood in the United States for most purposes is 18. At the age of 18, a person enters the realm of adulthood and is assigned the rights and responsibilities associated with this legal status. For example, an 18 year old can legally sign a contract and is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract. An 18 year old can marry without parental consent, serve on a jury, and vote in state and federal elections. An 18 year old who is charged with a crime is not tried in the juvenile justice system but is tried as an adult. Additionally, an 18 year old can join the military and be sent to a combat zone to defend our country. One notable exception to the rights of adulthood is the right to legally consume alcohol until the age of 21. I will present a cogent argument to lower the legal drinking age in the United States from 21 to 18. The elements of the argument will be based in utilitarian ethics. Jeremy Bentham, a utilitarian theorist, advocated that oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s individual rights should outweigh the interests of institutions, which include the government. Prior to 1920, each state established its own minimum legal drinking age. When the Eighteenth Amendment was passed on January 17, 1920, the era of prohibition began. While the Eighteenth Amendment was in effect, it was illegal in the Unites States to manufacture, distribute, and/or sell alcohol. Prohibition ended on December 5, 1933, when the Twenty-first Amendment was ratified. The states were

Advanced English Creative Writing

Question: Explain about the creative writing. Answer: It was an idea as well as it was startling! With the powerful sources of the social media having invaded our lives in the big way, people of all age groups are already addicted to their burgeoning usage. It is rightly said that necessity is the mother of all inventions. When Facebook wasnt enough, users came across another mesmerizing social media platform and that is WhatsApp. Of course, the benign uses of such portals are many. What was all of this- this was nothing but an idea- An idea to create something so new and interesting that it astonishes the world so much. The time of seeing Social Network and the craze amongst people of actually using the same was just a mere idea in the Harvard College and now it has become a phenomenon all over the globe. It was an idea as well as it was startling! At the point when Mark Zuckerberg says he needs to "interface the world's kin," it's not some delicate, humanist explanation. Zuckerberg plans to claim the interchanges layer of the world we live in if today's $16-in addition to billion procurement of informing administration WhatsApp is any sign. Facebook grew up creating the world's driving interpersonal organization for offering to everybody you know, and it now claims what could be known as the world's biggest private informal community. Between the two organizations, around 1 billion photographs and 30 billion messages are sent for each day. Cutting across all sorts of barriers, we are now a part of a large, inter-connected globalized world accruing to the accessibility to the free calling and messaging applications i.e., Skype, Line, Hike etc. Surely the mobile service providers have to incur heavy losses because of the increasing competition but the ultimate consumers prosperity lies above all. Now-a-days, it has been customary to be an active user of such applications in order to carve out a place for oneself in the social groups. Moreover, the sharing of information has been made tremendously easy. They are even the economical means to stay connected to the dear and loved ones. Unlike the unrestricted accessibility of Facebook, Twitter, the latest social groups forums tend to provide you more privacy. However, it is still believed that the long term impacts of such media can be catastrophic. The physical presence of an individual is no longer important but rather whos last seen at is a matter of great significance. M oreover, this trivial information has its great influence on the personal relationships. But no matter what the kind of ideas these applications were has made us all surprised. Not just with the growing popularity of all of these but even with the kind of popularity these applications have gained. But what about the other side of the story. Communication is not just the flow of words but your gestures and body language speaks a lot more. The warmth and the sense of belongingness experienced in face-to-face conversations are rather missing while conversing via social media. Despite this, the peer pressure exerts a mounting influence to pay for the high priced Smart phones to avail such services. But remind you that a Smartphone doesnt imply that you are smart too. This custom is rather perpetual as nobody wants a social seclusion. Isnt it? Arent we heading towards a closed society with minimal conversations and exchanges verbally? Remember the fun we had when we cracked jokes which was followed by instantaneous laughter rather than a mere emoticon! Perhaps, it has become a matter of the past or will surely become if the present trend continues. Your virtual group is expanding but your real world is shrinking in the absence of any real communication. Online networking has constantly attempted to make a feeling among the group. They give a hurried to the law based type of society. Besides it resemble refreshment in this tedious existence of the present day world. Today, the mainstays of our country are tormented by the fierce hooks of debasement. Also, the online networking is the way to sentence debasement and to banish these omnipresent jackals that pepper our perseverance. Online networking and their system resemble a propped up weapon that can make free for all in the psyches of these animals worth not more than the monster found in the veld. Numerous feel that online networking ought to be banned, yet as I would like to think they have a blunder. Really the one that is firmly adjusted to online networking runs the array of life. Now see the irony of the idea being good but shockingly astonishing in which way- You can decide. The view is endlessly fulfilling it is like the answer to a lifetime of questions and vague longing. They say when it comes down to survival, a human becomes an animal, a demon, a devil so acclimatized to the environment around them that they forget whats humanity is for. Katie was one such charismatic girl who has the audacity to not only live her home for the survival for her family but also to live up to the expectation of her tribe. In a land so weird where everything is so despicable that even a wrath would not make them visible. Leading a normal life, being gregarious yet exuberant, Katie was in a dreamy yet scary world. She had to fight the troops, everyone for the pride of her district, for the love and promise done to his sister. But it looked like air, water, fire and every element was against her. This agony which started to take its toll on her made her realize that it was hard to live. In this quandary, she sat on the tree in a deserted forest. And the next moment she fell off. But all of this was for a dreamy picture. For a longing for which she was waiting for so long. It was like a dream of peace and harmony for the land she was fighting for. The vague want she had was to fight in the battle of the fighters. This was not only her destiny but of the many youngsters who all have been living in that same town of hers. Indeed when we she saw the view was endlessly fulfilling. The longing for the stars not the bars, the ability to think of both the sides of the coin and she began to pen the same on that piece of paper. Her philosophical words made her cry. She wrote positive though: Sometimes in world, some people tend to get what they want and some dont really get it besides all the sheer hard work, courage, and potential. But I guess if you didnt get what you wanted then I guess its not the end of the world. It really doesnt mean that you cant achieve anything in life afterwards. After one failure, you still have many other options, still you have many fields to succeed in and still there are so many good ways to get what you always wanted. If you didnt succeed in one go, dont you think that may be god has thought even better for you or may be the best he wants to provide you. Why everyone thinks that if I havent succeeded in this particular field so now there is nothing that I can do. Why we dont think otherwise, why we dont see the other side of the coin. This is may be a sign to you by god and by your inner soul that yes you are capable of achieving even more than this. So all you reading this kindly think twice before forming any opinion about in which thing or field you good or not. If you didnt get what you wanted then its nothing but just another step towards your achievement. After all its Rightly Said That: Failures are the Pillars of Success... The pen fell from her hand It was 7:00 A.M. in Katies watch; she had to wake up for school. And the dream paid off. Yeah at the story telling competition and with her eloquence and wit, she won the event. Dreams were the subject of the day and she being so loquacious- Katie was all over the place by telling stories of the dreams she saw.